It's not class size, spending, testing or teacher certification, according to a National Bureau of Economic Research study of New York City charter schools (Getting Beneath the Veil of Effective Schools: Evidence from New York City, NBER Working Paper 17632, $5).
Five policies do work, however, explaining more than half the variation in school effectiveness, according to the researchers: frequent teacher feedback, using data to guide instruction, intensive tutoring, increased instructional time, and high expectations.
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